John Rawls' Philosophy: Theory of Justice

In A Theory of Justice, Rawls attempts to make a rational study of social ethics by using reason to determine what a just society should look like and how a rational group of people would organize themselves. One major topic of interest that Rawls presents is the veil of ignorance concept and its role in the creation of original position. Two further concepts of importance to the theory of a just society are the difference principle and the concept of individual liberty in society. Together, these three concepts provide a basis for the discussion and critique of Rawls' theory and its implications for the pursuance of justice.

Rawls' approach to justice as a theory proposes that principles of justice can be determined through the rational thinking of individuals shrouded by a veil of ignorance. In a purely hypothetical situation, the veil of ignorance creates an original position of equality in which persons under the veil have no knowledge of status, position in society, personal wealth or natural abilities. From behind the veil of ignorance, a rational, objective and disinterested group of people would choose a system of justice that ensures an equal distribution of rights and duties.

The veil of ignorance involves a presumption of equality and equal liberty of those behind it, supportive of the egalitarian rights of individuals. Thus individuals will choose to support the lowest members of society because one might end up in the lowest position after the veil is lifted and would want to be equally protected. From the perspective of original position, the social contract would be formed to "guarantee a just society without sacrificing the happiness or liberty of any one individual" per Rawls.