Nitrates and Nitrites in Drinking Water: Headache Triggers

Nitrate is a water-soluble inorganic chemical. Nitrates, which are present in the environment, are usually found in the soil, seawater, freshwater and the air. However, it has been found that fertilizers, sewage and animal manure could all raise the nitrate levels in drinking water.

Nitrate into Nitrite

Nitrate is known to transform into nitrite, which is a dangerous substance. After eating something that contains nitrate, your saliva converts the nitrate into nitrite. About 10% of the nitrate can be converted into nitrite by adults, teenagers and older children. About 20% of nitrate can be converted into nitrite by babies. The bad news is that in babies, the nitrate is converted in the digestive system, making babies more at risk from the side effects of nitrite.

Effects of Nitrites

Nitrite mainly works on hemoglobin, which is the part of your blood that carries oxygen around your body. When nitrite is present in the body, it converts hemoglobin into a non-oxygen carrying substance called 'methemoglobin'. As a result, the body is left with a lower concentration of oxygen, and this triggers headaches, breathlessness and lethargy.

Babies, particularly those under six months, are particularly at risk from the side effects of nitrite because:

· they can convert nitrates into nitrates at a much higher percentage;

· compared with adults, the hemoglobin in babies are easily converted into methemoglobin; and

· compared with adults, babies have less of the enzyme that convert methemoglobin back to hemoglobin.

If a baby's nitrite levels become high enough, it might develop a condition known as 'blue baby syndrome'. It is important to note that boiling water that already has high nitrate levels won't do much because the nitrate concentration is going to be much higher after water evaporation.

Also at risk from nitrite's negative effects are pregnant women. This is because pregnant women tend to have higher methemoglobin levels during their final ten weeks of pregnancy. In addition, people with digestive problems due to low stomach acid can be at risk as well.

Rural Areas at Risk