Introduction to Darius I: The Great King of Ancient Persia

Imagine a world far younger and different from the world as we know it now. In 521 BC, Darius became King of Persia. He reigned until 486 BC, and during his rule Persia became not only the strongest superpower in the ancient world, but also the greatest empire up to that point in world history. Surviving descriptions of Darius translate as, "Darius, the great king, king of kings, king of countries, king of this earth" (as quoted in Stokstad, Art History, p 85).

What sort of a man was this powerful king? According to Polykritos, a physician who also wrote some records that still survive today, Darius was of medium build. He was a handsome man distinguishable by his extremely long arms (apparently they reached to his knees, which has sparked speculations about different medical reasons why). He was charismatic and dynamic, and demanded absolute power and control. He was known for his generosity and mercy towards his loyal subjects, and his merciless punishment of his enemies. He was involved with all aspects of his empire, and took great pride in improving his lands. His pride also led him to brag about his own magnificence and the wealth and power of Persia.

Although he showed military proficiency when necessary, Darius's reign was a mostly peaceful period. The strength of his empire allowed him to use politics and intimidation to generally avoid the need to actually fight. As it was a peaceful and prosperous period, there were great building projects and social improvements made during Darius's reign.